Argyris, a Harvard Business School professor, theorizes that companies and organizations must learn in order to continually improve and succeed, but that most professionals do not know how to learn. Using examples from the business consulting world, Argyris describes the tendency for highly successful and highly motivated professionals to employ “defensive reasoning” in problem solving. As individuals, they effectively analyze and problem solve within the organization but become defensive when asked to reflect critically on their own performance or behavior. He states that people can be taught to recognize the faulty reasoning they use when they design and implement their actions and to develop a deeper understanding of their role within the organization.