Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSS) hold promise for improving patient outcomes. This review identified 26 articles on the effectiveness of AI-CDSS on patient outcomes. The content analysis revealed 4 themes: early detection and disease diagnosis, enhanced decision-making, medication errors, and clinicians' perspectives. Only 3 of the interventions, which were within the theme of early detection and disease diagnosis, were categorized as highly effective. Patient privacy, data security, and health equity were mentioned as continuing concerns.